Everything about Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge totally explained
Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge is a
United States National Wildlife Refuge in the northeastern corner of
Iowa, southwestern corner of
Wisconsin and the northwest corner of
Illinois It is a non-contiguous collection of parcels adjacent to, surrounded by or a few miles distant from the
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge.
The refuge was established in 1989 to help the recovery of two federally listed species: the
endangered Iowa Pleistocene Snail and
threatened plant
Northern Wild Monkshood. Although the refuge was established to protect the snail and flower, an entire rare community of plants and animals is preserved on these sites. The
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages the refuge as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system.
Geology
Portions of
Iowa,
Wisconsin,
Minnesota and
Illinois contain unusual geology. The
karst region, referred to as the "
Driftless Area", escaped the last glaciers leaving the
Paleozoic-age bedrock subject to erosion. In addition to the curious topography of steep slopes and cliffs, there are unique habitats. Certain slopes, usually north facing, are covered with a talus layer that allows ice-cooled air to exit from underground cracks and fissures. Upland sinkholes contribute to the air flow regime and are an important component of a unique system called an
algific talus slopes, meaning a cold producing rocky slope. Even on a midsummer day when the outside air temperature is 90 °F (32 °C), ground temperatures on these slopes range from 42 °F (6 °C) to about 55 °F (13 °C). Although the slopes will freeze in winter, the temperatures are moderated. These slopes remain cool throughout the year and are home to rare species of plants and animals.
Chilled air
In the summer, air is drawn down through
sinkholes, flows over very cold
groundwater and is released out vents on the slopes. Summer temperatures
on the slopes range from to . In winter, the air is drawn into the vents, and the groundwater again freezes. Because of the cool temperatures and moist conditions, unusual plants for this part of the country grow on the slopes. Typically growing in a colder more northern climate,
yews,
balsam fir,
Showy lady's slipper and
golden saxifrage can be found on the cool slopes. These cold microclimates of the slopes allow the rare plants and animals to survive.
Fossil snail
A tiny land snail, the Iowa Pleistocene snail, is smaller than a shirt button, at about 5 millimeters (1/4 inch) in diameter. Considered a glacial relict species, it has survived only on these small areas where temperature, moisture and food are suitable. The snail was known only from fossil records and thought to be extinct until 1955, when a scientist discovered it alive in leaf litter in northeast Iowa, eating birch and maple leaves. Because of the fragile nature of the habitat and the small size of the total population, this snail was placed on the federal endangered species list. The primary recovery option for the tiny snail is permanent protection of remaining colonies. Thirty-six known colonies are currently in northeast Iowa with one population occurring in northwest Illinois.
Threatened buttercup
The threatened Northern Wild Monkshood, belonging to the
buttercup family, grows on 114
algific talus slopes and similar cool moist habitats in Iowa, Wisconsin,
Ohio and
New York. The majority of the sites are in Iowa. The purple hood-shaped flower, an adaptation for bumble bee pollination, was listed as threatened in 1978. Its options for recovery are similar to the snail.
Habitat status
There are over 300 algific talus slopes but some are in poor condition. Anything disrupting the air flow through sinkholes and out the vents can affect the habitat. In the past, the impacts of logging, grazing, road building, quarries, agricultural runoff, and sinkhole filling reduced the number of algific talus slopes. Today, these habitats are still threatened by logging, grazing, agricultural runoff, and sinkhole filling activities and invasive species like
garlic mustard.
Refuge locations
The nearly refuge currently consists of scattered tracts in northeast Iowa ranging from a few acres to a few hundred acres. Land acquisition from willing sellers is ongoing. Restoration of forest or prairie habitat is conducted on the land surrounding algific talus slopes and provides habitat for a variety of wildlife including
white-tailed deer,
wild turkeys,
bald eagles,
American woodcock,
woodpeckers and a variety of
songbirds. States, counties, and private organizations like
The Nature Conservancy also help protect algific talus slopes. Private landowners are perhaps the most significant stewards of remaining algific talus slopes. The Fish and Wildlife Service contacts land owners whose properties have these habitats and offers assistance in managing them.
The Refuge is managed from
McGregor, Iowa, where tours can be arranged. Fishing and
whitetail hunting are permitted in a small number of units.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge'.
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